"The abnegation of reason is not the evidence of faith, but the confession of despair."

- J.B. Lightfoot
Finest Hour

It seems that everywhere I turn I'm reading about scientists who are expounding the virtues of the Drake Equation, or talking about the possibility of getting invaded by space aliens, or simply talking about making "first contact" with the plethora of intelligent life-forms that must exist in our universe.

Maybe I missed something, but wasn't that all stuff of science fiction just a few years ago? Why the surge of supposedly smart people who seem to think that Star Trek isn't so far off the scientific mark after all?

I think the answer is that some in the scientific community will grasp any straw to avoid the conclusion that God exists and that we are accountable to Him. If Earth isn't so special, and there are millions (billions?) of other intelligent civilizations out there, then all that drivel about human beings being made in God's image and God Himself manifesting in the flesh -- well that's all nonsense.

I recently perused the infamous Richard Dawkins book, The God Delusion, in which Dawkins speaks about how "probable" it is that advanced alien civilizations are so far down the evolutionary line that they would seem to us to be god-like. In other words, apparently these super-aliens would be indistinguishable from Yahweh, while still being a product of Darwinian evolution. Apparently Dawkins wants to have his proverbial cake and eat it too: a universe with alien gods (complete with god-like powers), but sans an actual God. In the book Dawkins also dips his toe into the waters of the historical JESUS (perhaps he saw a shark in the water that looked like N.T. Wright, and wisely chose not to jump in). While conceding that JESUS was most likely a true historical figure, Dawkins made me wonder whether or not he thinks it was possible that JESUS was actually an extraterrestrial with "god-like" superpowers, rather than the Son of God.

The mind begins to boggle.

In a couple of places I've heard (or read) Dawkins say that if he stands before God after death, he would say what Bertrand Russell planned to say, "Not enough evidence, God, not enough evidence." The reality is if your heart is hard, then evidence doesn't mean squat. In the Gospel of John, when God the Father spoke from Heaven, even that wasn't enough evidence for some who heard it. They passed it off as thunder (John 12:29).

The truth is God has spoken to us through creation, and especially through a special creation that was made in His image -- humanity. He took on our flesh (our humanity) and defeated sin and death, so that we might become the righteousness of God.

Man is not merely a speck in the universe; he's creation's finest hour.

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Comments on "Finest Hour":
1. Bird - 09/18/2010 9:23 pm CDT

If I may add an addendum, one interesting aspect of the Drake Equation is the Fermi Paradox, which essentially says that if we live in a universe inhabited by so many flippin' intelligent aliens, where the heck are they? Of course, the abundant-alien-life believers can propose things like the Zoo Hypothesis to circumvent the Fermi Paradox.

2. Happy - 09/18/2010 10:43 pm CDT

Well said, Bird.

3. Dave - 09/18/2010 11:25 pm CDT

Very thoughtful post, as usual. From a simply emotional standpoint: It all feels like two totally separate conversations going on in two different rooms that happen to be next to each other. The people in one room overhear bits and pieces of the conversation in the other, and vice versa, and both assume they are having one conversation. --- But doesn't the Bible say that the existence of our material universe IS the fundamental apologetic for the existence of God? Romans 1:20?

4. Roy - 09/19/2010 4:09 pm CDT

Belief in evolution reduces to a faith held contrary to fact and makes a monkey of the believer.

Trivial response to Dawkins (ie, not as 'sophisticated' as the criticisms one finds at the wiki essay linked):
1. Assume creation does not declare "God!"(contrary to Ps 19, Rom 1:18ff), that is, assume no God. Don't state this, but present it in a different way, as it usually gets presented: chance ultimate (while simultaneously denying ultimacy of chance by insisting on concepts such as "laws of nature"). (Leave, btw, questions of "morality" and "right v wrong" on the shelf. Don't even ponder what "chance" does to these concepts.)
2.Pick a DNA molecule of any critter. In fact, get techncial enough to select the least complex DNA.
3. Make the scientifically possible calculation approximating that molecule's complexity. Pick the low end of the range of answers possible. One gets a number far bigger than 10 raised to several hundred.
4. Now compare this to the number of cubic microinches in the entire known universe (a minimum of 13x10exp9 light years in radius, include not just everyone knows rather at most limited potential places where life might exist, but every bit, from the hard vacuum of space to the interior of stars) multiplied by the number of milliseconds from an assumed starting point of some 13x10exp9 years ago.
5. Note that the answer to 4 divided by the answer to 3 is essentially zero. Not zero as in "a billionth" or zero as in "a septillionth", but zero as in 10exp(minus hundreds). Ie, no "chance" that even the simplest DNA happened by chance. (And to get from that molecule to another molecule having only the difference in location of one atom, same number again. Boggles the mind.)

Granted: only a spiced up, modernized argument from design.

Humbling observation that should make one (ie, me) much aware of own limitations and very, very kind to those believing lie: ability to perceive this not a matter of brilliance, but of grace.

5. Roy - 09/19/2010 4:19 pm CDT

"Man is not merely a speck in the universe; he's creation's finest hour."

This observation gets left out of nearly every discussion, even when the participants are all regenerate Christians.

What happens if one thinks of the creation as made so that people might exist? What happens if one uses that Truth (since the Bible insists upon it) as a factor in pondering, say, what sort of world Adam and Eve inhabited? What happens if one reasons back from the fossil evidence and similar, say the cosmological evidence, via that Truth? Then, rather than concluding zillions of years *must have existed* before Adam, one might reasonably conclude *so this is the kind of creation* Adam needed in harmony with the parameters God built into it (aka natural laws). God built it just right. Not instantly (we Christians know this while the pagans do not; God tells us creation took place in piecewise steps over 6 days). But complete in every detail, just right, with exhaustive internal consistency.

6. Richard D - 09/19/2010 11:00 pm CDT

If you just looked at the fossil record without viewing it through the lens of the bible,can you honestly say that you would come to the same conclusions about life on earth? What you seem to be doing is trying to fit all the evidence into your narrow world view,something you accuse the scientific community of. If you let the facts speak for themselves and lead us into conclusions based on scientific observations, it would seem to be a more honest approach than working backward from personal presuppostions.

7. Bird - 09/19/2010 11:11 pm CDT

What you seem to be doing is trying to fit all the evidence into your narrow world view,something you accuse the scientific community of.

I'd venture to say that everyone -- probably without exception -- interpret evidence through the lens of worldview. And to your second point, everyone operates from presuppositions. No one interprets data or information completely without presupposition and certainly not without worldview.

Richard, I do appreciate the cordial nature of your comment (seriously). Obviously you don't agree, but you didn't come out with anger and venom. I appreciate it.

8. Quaid - 09/20/2010 7:49 am CDT

I don't think the Bible ever argues the existence of God, it presupposes it.

Romans 1:20 is part of a larger pericope speaking to how sin mars our understanding of God, including comprehending the "plain" qualities of God, along with His divinity - not His existence. While one might argue that scripture's discussion of His attributes is prima facie evidence of His existence, proving God's existence is not the attempt of the verse or passage. The main point, among others, of that passage is that people have perverted their love for God and fashioned it into a love for other things (aliens or ideas about aliens?) - they are unaware of God's divinity and power and have, therefore, been given over into lusts/depraved minds. I could just as much say that 1 John proves God's existence because it says that "God is love." How could God be love if there is no God? The verse, along with the rest of the Bible, presupposes God's existence all along - never questioning it or arguing for it - but knowing that it is true from the get-go. There is no shred of doubt of God's existence in the Bible; not even to the extent that Scripture would attempt to argue for it (as if that was necessary?), from my point of view.

All that to say that I think Bird makes a very interesting point. Part of me wonders if we're not just arguing away strong ideas from very intelligent people, just as these intelligent people may be arguing away points from a most-intelligent God. But - Hawking, et al., are human - and they are prone to error, feelings of inadequacy, and a desire to know/understand the depths of things beyond them, unaware that a relationship with God would remedy all of these base issues. Sill, God has allowed more time for many of them to see more clearly - perhaps we should pray for them.

9. damien - 09/20/2010 8:56 am CDT

i am a former professing atheist, and this passage blows the lid off my cover:

what can be known about god is plain to them, because god has shown it to them. for his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. so they are without excuse. for although they knew god, they did not honor him as god or give thanks to him, but they became futile in their thinking, and their foolish hearts were darkened. claiming to be wise they became fools...
-romans 1:19-22

the obviousness of almighty god is what scripture presents. our resistance is rooted, not in skepticism but in unbelief. unbelief is a stubborn, willful refusal motivated by guilt. if i had been an honest and earnest examiner of reality my question would not have been "does god exist?", but "why am i alienated from him and scared to face him?"

10. Richard D - 09/20/2010 11:19 am CDT

If God were as obvious as Rom. 1:19-22 claims, then we could discover him through rational inquiry,and not have to rely on "faith". I don't think our resistance is rooted in unbelief so much as our desire to make sense of the world with the mental tools we have been born with. If it was God that gave them to us, we should have been able to discover him that way. It appears that God is the one hiding from us, and not us afraid to face God, as you said.

11. Quaid - 09/20/2010 11:59 am CDT

Richard, I think you somewhat prove my assertion from above with your comment that this chapter is not arguing the existence of God. God is not obvious to this world because it is marred by sin. God, in the ideal world (read: a world without sin) would be not just plainly obvious, but overtly evident.

Because this world is marred with evil, what should be so painfully obvious has been obfuscated by our own fallen nature. God isn't hiding, nor has he created a world that makes it impossible for you to see Him. He is not hidden, the world is "visually impaired".

The Bible would argue that you were born into a situation that puts you in a place of needing faith to see clearly (these are my words, for the sake of brevity). What is more, the Bible asserts that you (along with the rest of mankind) add to such blindness as you continue to make choices that run counter to God's ideals. It is for this reason that you can be held accountable, since your impaired vision is a result of your own actions/beliefs/thoughts/broken inner nature, etc..

Should you seek God, through faith, I believe that what you feel is "hidden" would really be discovered in plain sight. While I don't know you or your current situation, I believe that God desires to have a relationship with you. He is not hiding from you, He desires for you to truly see(k) Him.

12. damien - 09/20/2010 1:12 pm CDT

i think rational inquiry will always discover god.
stephen hawking said: "spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing." does that sound rational? the existence of a creator is not the big question. the core issue is "how can my alienation from this creator be remedied?"

13. Richard D - 09/20/2010 7:19 pm CDT

I think Romans is arguing for the existence of God, but that it presents a weak argument.If God is made manifest through nature, then we could discover him through rational inquiry and not have to fall back on faith. Man, in spite of his fallen nature has been able to discover the secrets of so many scientific fields that have been such a blessing to man that it just boggles the mind.Medicine,physics, astronomy,etc.. It seems we are advancing in knowledge every day in almost every science. The only thing that remains out of reach of our intellect is God himself. The old saying that "you can't put God in a test tube"points that out.Anything,to be proven scientifically, must be testable. Scientific theories are only taken seriously after every reasonable attempt to disprove them has been tried, and they are still valid. As far as God is concerned, any attempt to examine him scientically is seen as the work of the devil. It just isn't logical that if there really were a God, that he would be outside of the range of our rational minds to discover, fallen or not, without the questionable assertions of a 2000 year old book.

14. Bill - 09/21/2010 6:25 am CDT

Richard,

Great conversation! And I appreciate the civil tone, definitely.

Just a few quick points, for what they are worth (probably precious little): I agree with you that there is not a scientific proof for God. If that is the only criteria under which you would come to believe in Him, then you probably never will. But I'm not sure that's a fair criteria. And I am very sure that it is not a criteria that God would support. As maddening as it can be, he requires faith, honors faith, holds faith up as a very valuable thing. The Bible says that "without faith, it is impossible to please God". For whatever reason, He wants us to come to Him not only (or primarily) because of what we have seen and observed, but based on a faith in what we have not been able to see. Read Hebrews 11 sometime for more on this.

On the other hand, there is a historical assertion that can be examined and weighed on its merits, and upon it the entire Christian faith hinges. I'm speaking of the resurrection of Jesus. This is an event that Christians assert happened at a specific place, at a specific time, in a specific way, and one can sift through the evidence that is there and decide if it is valid or not. I've heard of atheists who came to faith through examining the evidence for the resurrection.

One other minor point: the fact that a book is 2,000 years old or 200,000 years old or 20 years old says nothing whatsoever about its truth or falsehood. C.S. Lewis called such evaluations based on how current an assertion of truth is acts of "chronological snobbery" :-)

15. Roy - 09/21/2010 10:19 am CDT

Richard, Quaid: As I recall from memory (may not have exact words) Ps 19 says "The heavens declare the glory of God". "Declare" posits non neutrarlity, clarity, definitiveness. Ps 19 continues a few words later with "Their line has gone out thru all the world and there is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard".

No scientific proof, Quaid? As if what exists is neutral, awaiting automous man's sovereign evalution? On the contrary: nothing does not declare "God".

Problem not sufficiency or clarity of evidence. After all, Ro 1 says "So then they are without excuse, because that, when they knew God". Wow. No surprise that this follows upon the just a few words earlier statement "suppress the truth in unrighteousness".

Problem is "that when they knew God, they did not worship him as God, neither were thankful". That describes the real point of dispute. Admitting the evidence means one must give glory to God = submit to God's rule. Instead of that, people will choose anything else, no matter its foolishness ("The fool has said in his heart,'There is no God'" where 'fool' has not only attributes of moral degeneracy as one can see by checking out 'fool' in Proverbs, but also distinct evalution of silly stupidity.)

What has always most sobered me as an aware scientist (physicist) shows up in the words "neither were thankful". I ought appreciate and give thanks for the incredible beauty not only of a sunset, the taste of a chocolate fudge sundae, but also the incredible, awesome declaration of order and simplicity (aka beauty) in something like Maxwell's equations and their involving, as do Newton's equations regarding planetary motion, inverse square relationships.

If chance were ultimate, how could there exist "laws of nature" (or morality)?

16. jez - 09/21/2010 11:36 am CDT

I have only one useful point to add: that is that there is a difference between chance and unguided natural process. It is not chance that keeps makes my ball return to Earth when I throw it, and it is not chance that feeds the complexity of a snowflake as it falls to earth; neither is it chance when tornado emerges from the various flutterings of butterflys' wings, or when a cell divides in two. These things might be chaotic, yes, but not random: I hope Roy appreciates the difference.

Because to observe that a large molecule of DNA is supremely unlikely to arrive spontaneously, by all the right atoms colliding at once in the correct formation, is a strikingly banal, and misses the point. It is not science that suggests that it happened that way, the theory of evolution is quite clear that complexity is thought to emerge gradually through a long series of steps, each step requiring no more magic than carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen + some others doing what they always do.

The only reason that calculation keeps being repeated is because of intelligent design proponents who are unconcerned by the immorality of misleading people about science.

It's a bug-bear of mine (can you tell?) :)

17. Quaid - 09/21/2010 12:16 pm CDT

Roy - I think you have me confused, possibly with Richard. I believe in God. I believe that He sent His Son to die so that I might live. I believe that His Son rose again, as recorded in the Bible. I have trusted Christ with my life. In short, I am a Christian.

All I am saying is that scripture never argues for God's existence, it simply presupposes it. The heavens don't declare God, they declare the glory of God. This isn't semantical gymnastics. Scripture argues for the existence of God's attributes,not the existence of God, Himself. We know that God is good, kind, loving, just, etc. because of Scripture. None of the writers of scripture felt the need to argue for His existence because they, along with everyone in their audience, believed that He was real.

Similarly, I cannot prove to you that I love my wife, but if I listed the things that I said to her, did for her and sacrificed for her sake, you (hopefully) would be led to the conclusion that my love exists. There exist attributes of my love for her, but in telling you about them, I presuppose that my love for her is real. It is up to you to decide if these attributes exhibit true love or not.

As Bill said, believing in God requires faith. Since the attributes of God are invisible, as Romans 1 states, one must take the leap of faith in recognizing that certain visible things are the demonstration of those invisible qualities made manifest. If one can accept that these visible things are indicators of an underlying invisible divinity, then there must be a divine source of these invisible attributes. Another example that Bill points out is that Christ was invisible divinity made visibly manifest for the sake of the world. The realm of the invisible and the realm of the visible collided.

Richard - you said, " It just isn't logical that if there really were a God, that he would be outside of the range of our rational minds to discover . . ."

I would argue exactly the opposite. If there is a God who created this earth and everything in it. If there is a God who created you and me, breathed life into the two of us, gave us the capacity to think, feel, love, care, etc. - things I find difficult to grasp, in and of themselves - I think it is only logical that such a God would be outside of the range of our rational minds to discover. Something so great is not rationally conceivable. With our limited understanding of so much (granting all of the discoveries/advances you've mentioned - Hawking and others would be the first to tell you that there is far more that we don't know than what we do know), how could we conceive of a God who has put in us the capacity to do so much? How could we conceive of a God who does things like make wind blow?

I think you give yourself, me and everyone else too much credit.

I'll add: if God's invisible attributes of eternal power and divine nature exhibited through creation (the two attributes that Romans 1 suggests) aren't enough for you to accept the existence of God, how do you explain away things like our capacity to love, something I would consider an indicator of God's invisible power? Is love just a collection of enzymes and emotional mind games?

18. jez - 09/21/2010 1:38 pm CDT

Quaid makes a good point. I for one would be deeply shocked, maybe a little disappointed, if it every turned out that we were capable of understanding the universe.

This discussion of the first chapter of Romans has been enormously helpful to me. I've been treating it (I'm not alone) as if it *is* an argument for God, and I've always found it deficient; but I see now that it's not arguing that at all, and it works better.

I still disagree, of course. Nothing I know about the world particularly suggests either eternity or divinity. The sun is finite. The planet is imperfect. Nature is indifferent, sometimes cruel.

"Is love just a collection of enzymes and emotional mind games?"
I think you give enzymes and emotional mind games too little credit.

Simpler emotions are easier to accept as enzymes etc. It does not trouble us to think of hunger and fear as purely biological, even exhilaration, tribal superiority and pleasure are don't give us any philosophical problems.

The Greeks teach us about the different types of love. If you consider each type of love in turn, I don't think there are any that pose a particular problem. Eros and storge are the easiest, as they correspond to the primary biological imperatives. Philia is something that, in my opinion, could naturally arise in any social animal. Can a wolf exhibit philia to its pack, for example? I know very little about wolves, but from experience with their very close relatives, dogs, I'd be tempted to say yes.

Agape is the hardest I suppose, but as soon as you progress beyond the over-simplistic understanding of evolution as a tendency towards the brutal and selfish, it isn't hard to understand either. Inasmuch as genes (and memes) drive individuals' behaviour at all, it is only with the aim to propagate the genes (and memes), and it is not always survival of the individual that best serves that purpose. Sacrifice is not unique to humans.

19. Richard D - 09/21/2010 2:14 pm CDT

Bill,
I'm not disputing the bible because it is 2000 years old. I have no problem with Josephus, or other ancient histories,and the last thing I would want to be known as is a "chronological snob". The thing is that none of the other ?of that period claim to be the word of God. Because the bible makes these claims it opens itself up to a much closer examination. When you look into it and see how it was put together, it raises a whole list of serious questions. As one example: even if the original autographs were authentic, we only have copies of copies of copies, translated through two or three languages,so how do we know for sure that what we have is what the original author intended to say to us? Another problem was that during the first and second centuries, there were innumerable cults all claiming to be the true form of Christianity, from Gnosticism to a number of others. The books they wrote simply got tossed aside when Constantine took power and made his version of Christianity the official one. The Canon of scripture was shaped by the official views of the group that won the theological battle by virtue of their political power. The others, like the gospel of Thomas and the gospel of Peter,got left out,because they were on the losing side of the dispute.
Even what we know as the bible today has been subject to the same process down through time. Each new translation has been influenced by the particular views of the translators and sponsors,who had their own agendas to promote in the versions they put out. Even the King James,which most of us grew up with,was subject to this problem. If you try to trace the copies that they used in translating most later versions,even most of the Greek copies can only be traced as far back as the fourth century.

20. Bird - 09/21/2010 4:24 pm CDT

Richard,

I do have some problems with the Constantinian era of church history, but I'll say that Constantine didn't force "his version" of Christianity on anyone -- he didn't have a version! He kept flipping back and forth between Arianism and the orthodox understanding of the relationship between the Father and the Son. During his tenure as the first "Christian Emperor," he kept his position as head of the empire's pagan religion and then eventually died as a believer in Arianism. So ... that version of Christianity was most certainly not forced on the church.

Also, you implied that it was Constantine (at Nicaea I presumably) who gave us our present day canon. Not true (forgive me if I'm reading you wrong on this one). The vast majority of the NT canon (at least Paul's letters) were recognized by the end of the 1st century/beginning of the 2nd. And the establishment of the canon wasn't even something that was on the docket for Nicea I in Constantine's day. The "gospels" you mentioned, were not gospels at all, and the majority of the early church recognized as much.

About your point on political power, I think a close inspection of church history would indicate that often times political power didn't win much of anything (thought that's not universally true, of course). In the days of Nicaea I, Arianism had most of the political clout. In fact, based on Nicaea-era political power alone, the entire Christian church these days should look more like the Jehovah's Witnesses than anything else.

21. Roy - 09/21/2010 7:09 pm CDT

Jez, regarding that bug-bear: mine comes from the repeated experience of even mathematically sophisticated evolutionists not openly admitting *all* rather than merely *some* of their assumptions. Thus, while I'm certainly not claiming you endorse evolution, and while I fluently speak probability and understand your caveat regarding the mishandling by some less than on top of the probability subject intelligent design proponents, that's not the whole story.

Suppose y ou have a die. You are interested in calculating the probability of tossing 50 consequitive 6s. 1) Does it make any difference in your conclusion if you add the requirement that the tosser mjust wait 10 years between tosses? 2) What sorts of differences does it make if you grant the tosser power to not have to toss the die 50 times each trial, but enable stopping anytime a 6 is not tossed. 3) This latter procedure imposes some staggering chemical and biological requirements if transferred to the DNA by chance puzzle. Can you list at least 3?

22. Roy - 09/21/2010 7:30 pm CDT

Quaid,
Because I know you love and believe the Bible I wrote what I did (#15) re 'scientific proof'. Book says evidence suffices, evidence clear. Not *merely* re unattached attributes, but that these characterize, well, God. (Contrary to some songs I've heard in churches, one should not worship attributes, but one has no excuse for not worshipping God.) For you that spells QED.

And, nB, not believing in God requires faith. Further, that faith has no support in fact. Not a single fact exists which does not declare, "God". Concluding "not God" from any fact requires suppressing the truth, an unrighteous (rather than morally neutral) activity.

I don't mean by the above paragraph's observations that I have permission to do sloppy work in "answering a fool according to his folly" (cf Pr 26:5). Instead, I have every reason to challenge that person's claim to autonomy, every reason to expect that careful homework on my part will reveal the glaring flaws in their thinking, the places at which they, on the one hand, deny God while, on the other hand, depend upon him. (Eg, chance is ultimate vs 'laws' of nature)

23. Roy - 09/21/2010 7:39 pm CDT

Regarding Quaid's and jez' point in #17,18: If we were able to from anything deduce all there is to know about God, that god would be no more than we. We would have that god bounded by the limits of our imaginations. Not so the God of scripture. About him we have hints, clues, declarations, each of which conveys to us true characteristics which we can know. But we, as limited creatures, cannot know exhastively even any truth about the Creator much less know the Creator in totality. To do so would require our equality with him.

24. Roy - 09/21/2010 7:54 pm CDT

Richard in #19: you leave Someone out. The God who so loved me as to have given me his word did not do less than I would in communicating with my wife. I would not send her a letter by means whereby I knew it should never arrive. If that is so of me, how much more so of God who sovereignly reigns over all the circumstance of history?

As a matter of historical record (one can look it up), the preservation and transmission of the Bible shows exactly that. Repeatedly one finds the folly of people, even their attempts to destroy the Bible, thwarted and turned into something which ends up preserving the Bible and better enabling certainty of our having an accurate record.

Thus some short observations: 1) more sure of having accurate record of Bible than of either Lincoln's Gettysburg address or Shakespeare's plays; 2) some doubt about perhaps one letter per page of Hebrew Old Testament, and (counterintuitively, perhaps, since it's more recent) few letters per page of Greek New Testamentl 3) taking even Bible most sure depending on poorest record, most liable to poor translation, still have record so reliable that not one central assertion of Christian faith (as expressed by, for example, Westminster Confession, worth looking up) missing.

25. Richard D - 09/21/2010 11:30 pm CDT

Bill,
I didn't mean to imply that Constantine wrote the new testament,but( I may be wrong)wasn't part of the result of the Nicean council the solidifying of what we now have as the NT canon? I know they were around from the late first or early second century, but so were a myriad of other tracts as well, most of which got excluded from the NT. A few of the books which made it in were disputed as well, but got included by one council or another. Constantine just seems to have presided over the council for the main purpose of preserving political unity, even though he leaned toward Arianism, and did embrace it more enthusiastically after the time of the council(you're right about that). I don't know how long arianism persisted after Constantine's death, but it seems to have been phased out by the ruling bishops of the Roman church in favor of what they considered their orthodox(catholic)doctrines.
Roy,
If you sent a letter to your wife the way God wrote to us, how would you do it? Say you were halfway around the world in Iraq. You would write your letter and then instead of posting it directly, you would hand it to the person next door to you to copy. When he got done, he'd do the same thing. The process would go on and on until the letter reached your wife in America. By that time it would have gone through countless copies and translations through several languages. By the time your wife got the letter, what do you think would have become of your original message? One estimate I read of the number of textual discrepancies between the various tranlations, from Greek to latin to english is that it would add up to more words than are in the text as we know it today. I guess if you have enough faith you can overlook the discrepancies.

26. jez - 09/22/2010 3:55 am CDT

Richard
One argument in favour of biblical accuracy is that independent chains of copyists still agree very well with each other. If you wrote a letter to your wife and sent it through copying from Iraq, but did it twice, and both versions agreed well with one another, your wife could be reasonably assured that the message is accurate.

27. jez - 09/22/2010 4:54 am CDT

"evolutionists not openly admitting *all* rather than merely *some* of their assumptions"

What do they tend to leave out?

"I'm certainly not claiming you endorse evolution"

I do.

"You are interested in calculating the probability of tossing 50 consequitive 6s"
(1/6)^50 =|= 1.24 * 10^-39

1) No, because each die toss is independent
2) No difference to the answer, but it is arrived at in less time than if I did the full 50 tosses per trial.
3) Don't fully understand the question. Maybe I'm parsing it wrong, but I think it is maybe not a sensible question. Evolutionary steps are not independent, that was what I was hinting at earlier. So the experiment is not that the molecule is changed "randomly", billions of times. Firstly, chemistry isn't random, certain reactions are very likely, and some are essentially impossible. Secondly, evolution tends toward (locally) optimal solutions. If shorter legs are favourable, it is not chance that increases the proportion of the population with short legs over time, it is the fact that they live longer and breed more than their longer-legged neighbours.

What is the measure of complexity, anyway? I think the relevant number is the minimum number of edits required to get from the first DNA-like machine to the molecule in question. (You can add a bit to get to the first DNA machine if you like, but that would require a different approach.) Each step along the way would have to be viable for conditions at that time and place, and we'd prefer steps that have a positive impact on survival/reproductive fitness.

We can't make that calculation, since what I'm asking for is basically an Earth simulator. But my sense of proportion tells me that the outcome would be many orders of magnitude smaller than your 10^{several hundred} range, presumably taken from applying a probability to each bond and multiplying, or similar?

Anyway I see you acknowledged the difference between chance and what scientists really talk about: "laws of nature", but then procede as if scientists really mean chance. Since you don't believe other scientists, I suppose you might disbelieve what I'm saying too.

"If chance were ultimate, how could there exist laws of nature (or morality)?"
If Maxwell and Newton demonstrate anything, it is that the presumption of Random, but the presumption of Order. We can see this from the scientific method, which is based on experimentation: if the universe were not orderly, experiment would be useless.

28. jez - 09/22/2010 5:59 am CDT

the bit in the last paragraph should be "it is not the presumption of Random"

29. Bill - 09/22/2010 6:51 am CDT

Jez - thanks for your clarification to Richard on textual accuracy. Well said.

Richard - you are overstating your case regarding how the Bible came to us. In particular, you are assuming that it went from greek manuscript to latin to English. I think the KJV may have been based on the Vulgate (more educated ones here will correct me if I'm wrong on that) but our modern translations come straight from the greek. The accuracy of the NT is not just attested to by what Jez said, but also by other non-canonical manuscripts (letters from church fathers, etc) from the early centuries of the church that quote the scriptures they had then.

In addition, I believe that God's hand was in the translations, the councils, etc, working through sinful man to preserve His word.

30. Bird - 09/22/2010 7:48 am CDT

Richard,

Bill,
I didn't mean to imply that Constantine wrote the new testament,but( I may be wrong)wasn't part of the result of the Nicean council the solidifying of what we now have as the NT canon?


I think you have me confused with Bill. :-) And to answer your question, no. Again, the canon wasn't even on the docket at Nicaea I.

Honestly, it's frustrating to see how bad fiction can produce bad history. Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code asserts that "Constantine collated an entirely new Bible at the council of Nicaea." Now the idea has creeped into popular culture that Constantine was the one who determined the NT canon. That is completely false -- it's fiction.

By the end of the 1st century, and certainly by the end of the 2nd, Christians had a general agreement about the make up of the NT canon. (There were still some disputed texts like the epistles of Peter, James, and Revelation.) In around 170, the church in Rome (which was not even close to being what we now understand as the Roman Catholic Church; in 170 they were still a persecuted minority with no political power whatsoever) proposed a canon of Scripture that consisted of the four gospel and Paul's letters (I think that was it). However, the canon wasn't officially made canon until a couple of church synods in the late 300s, some 60 years after Nicaea I.

The canon came about as a gradual process, not as royal fiat. Yes, there were heretical books that were left out because the heretical books lacked apostolic authority, and the early church recognized that. It's very important to understand that the vast majority of the Christian church had a core NT canon of the four gospels and Paul's letters very early in history. Gospels like Thomas' and so forth never had a wide audience.

You mentioned "a myriad other tracts" being around at the same time in church history, and that's true. But how does their existence negate the veracity of the received canon? The other tracts existed but lacked apostolic authority and were not received by the early church.

31. Roy - 09/22/2010 9:33 am CDT

Richard #26,
You've passed on the usually presented view. Turns out it's incredibly naive regarding what actually happened. It sells well because: 1) it seems right, 2)it supports the already existing bias against the Bible, 3) it takes some degree of work to appreciate how erroneous it is.

For an easily readable, only few hour amount of that work, try "Infallible Word". Here's a link to a source: http://www.wtsbooks.com/product-exec/product_id/36/nm/Infallible_Word_A_Symposium
(This book I think is the single shortest, most clearly presented discussion covering the topic of the origin and transmission of scripture which is, at the same time, intensely scholarly.)

Meanwhile, a hint: consider the scenario you presented regarding transmission of a letter. Not only sounds plausible, but actually fairly accurate( at least, again this is counterintuitive, regarding the Greek NT, which has 1000s of manuscripts passed down). But omits a small detail (read as 'staggering difference'). What would happen if one had all those variations? What if one had centuries of scholars who dedicated lifetimes to working thru comparing and contrasting them all? They discover lots of differences. These they recognize as common to lots of passed on manuscripts, such as one sees in looking at one's own copying one's classmate's notes, one's own errors in note taking while sleepy, etc, etc. These errors even have nice names, such as haplography, diplography, and more. As you might guess, folks do this with stuff like Shakespear. And you can bet they do it for all sorts of (competing) reasons (from concern for accuracy to attempts to establish innacuracy) for the Bible. Results of all this effort publically available.

Short version: reason to doubt about one letter per page of Hebrew OT, few letters per page of Greek NT; even worst, most biased, poorest translation still clearly states every thing essential.

32. Richard D - 09/22/2010 11:34 am CDT

It's true that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. I definitely need to go back and do more homework. I'm going to check out the reference that Roy mentioned.With a title like "infallible word", I can guess the direction they will approach the subject from, but I'm still going to check it out. I suppose it would be next to impossible to find an unbiased work on the subject due to the subject matter. I think I need to make an effort to approach this as openly as possible to avoid my own prejudices. The last thing I need to fill my head with is a bunch of half-baked ideas.

33. Bill - 09/22/2010 8:50 pm CDT

Richard,

Thanks again for the civil nature of this conversation. We really appreciate it.

34. Bird - 09/22/2010 9:03 pm CDT

I echo what Bill said, Richard. Thank you.

35. Richard D - 09/22/2010 11:19 pm CDT

Thank you for your hospitality. There are a lot of things that I would like to discuss with you, so I'll be around.

36. Bill - 09/23/2010 8:13 am CDT

Good deal. Steaks are on the grill, Blo is bringing some baked potatoes, I've got O'Doule's chilling in the cooler, Jared has the stogies, Shrode's bringing the spiritual gravitas, and Bird's flippin' the U2 wax.

Pull up a seat :-)

37. Roy - 09/23/2010 9:49 am CDT

Salutations to jez as well. Appreciate willingness to wrestle with puzzle rather than react to challenge. Back later with interactions re post #27.

May I, Bill, bring ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, banannas, cherries, and whipped cream? And, of course, coffee?

38. jez - 09/23/2010 11:52 am CDT

I won't be around to respond for a bit (sighs of relief all around), but on my return I intend to bring the funk. Along with two or three carefully selected cheeses.

39. Roy - 09/23/2010 1:09 pm CDT

Will await your return, yez. But something to encourage that event follows...

yez wrote: "You are interested in calculating the probability of tossing 50 consequitive 6s"
(1/6)^50 =|= 1.24 * 10^-39

Roy responds:
Not so much interested in that number (which, albeit very small, is 10^hundreds times gigantic in comparison to the chance occurrence of a given atom sequence specified for each of the 100s of rungs in the chain of a DNA molecule). Much more interested in thinking aloud about the reasoning evaluating that absolutely infinitesimal chance. So I posed (in #21) a question that involved die tosses and mixed into it some of the assumptions added to discussions evaluating the ‘chance’ of evolution.

I am claiming that the statistical odds for any given DNA molecule occurring by chance are mind bogglingly miniscule. And, to get by chance from that to any other different DNA which would survive are just as miniscule. (That one can toss two 6’s in a row does not mean doing it again in the next attempt is either less or more likely. If a .333 batter has failed in the last two at bats does not mean this time he’ll make it to first.) I am claiming the odds of a chance DNA molecule is 1 out of a number bigger than all the volume in the known universe filled with nothing but the smallest DNA molecule multiplied times all the microseconds since an assumed start some billions of years ago.

Here’s the ‘back of the envelope’ calculation. (This sort of activity usually goes on when scientists consider whether some idea is even plausible.)

Size of universe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe
About 3x10^80 m^3 (bigger, btw, than what one might think from an observed radius of about 10^14 light years)

Volume of DNA molecule: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_size_of_a_DNA_molecule
Just slightly different than that reported here: http://creation.com/dazzling-design-in-miniature-dna-information-storage-creation-magazine
Let’s use volume of the smaller example, about 10^-27 m^3 rather than that for a human of about 10^-22.

Thus: vol of universe/volume of smallest DNA approx 3x10^80 / 10^-27 = 10^108. Pretty big number, eh? (At last: something which makes Obamancare tm cost look small.)

Now let’s think about that simplest DNA molecule. We intend to deny it being created. What can we calculate about the probability it would result from combinations of atoms? (We discount here questions such as those involving the probability of, eg, the atoms being available where the stuff of life is very, very rare in the universe, not to mention, well, the probability of the atoms existing at all. We’re assuming a universe, including all ‘empty’ space as filled with the ‘right stuff’. Remember, this is a ‘back of the envelope’ calculation.)

We observe that we cannot find constant reoccurrences of the same molecule, ie, no matter the chemical forces at work, chance still is our only hope. (Evolution happened. But only once. Can’t find any currently living ‘missing links’. If the chemical forces always produced the same result, we’d have the same results now. Must be matter of chance.)

We also observe, that even if evolution’s tenant (the strong survive) is true (read as “mutations which work, live, those that don’t, don’t), we still have to get (by chance) the desired mutation. (We’ll even skip here the conundrum of how a mutation in, say, the male would get passed on if there were not the simultaneous mutation in the female. We’ll table for now, too, what we know about genetics and recessive traits.) Must be a matter of chance.

That means we can reason back from complexity, from the structure and order, for at least a first approximation of the chance occurrence of a given molecule. Probably this approximation suffers from all sorts of shortcomings which would refine it. But it gives a good starting guess.

That smallest example cited above has about 1000 rungs of 4 parts (compared to about a billion rungs for a person). Even granted that given one part, sometimes only one other will work chemically, we still have to get that other part. Pick first part. Chance in 4 for correct second, chance in 16 for correct third, chance in 64 for correct fourth part. Means, in turn, chance in 64^1000 for the entire shebang. Base 10 logs allows conversion: 64= 10^1.808, so 64^1000 =(10^1.808)^1000 = 10^1808.

This leads to 10^108/10^1808, or a probability of chance creation of about 10^-1700. Fuhgedabowdit. Unless, of course (as a perusal of arguments on the net will reveal), you have a faith based commitment that evolution happened no matter what science says.

yez wrote:
"If chance were ultimate, how could there exist laws of nature (or morality)?"
If Maxwell and Newton demonstrate anything, it is (not) the presumption of Random, but the presumption of Order. We can see this from the scientific method, which is based on experimentation: if the universe were not orderly, experiment would be useless

Roy responds:
True dat. Exactly my point in post #22. The evolutionist wishes to have cake already eaten. On the one hand, no God, hence chance. On the other, orderly universe, hence no chance.

40. Bill - 09/24/2010 4:17 pm CDT

May I, Bill, bring ice cream, hot fudge, nuts, banannas, cherries, and whipped cream? And, of course, coffee?

Yes, if by Coffee you mean Diet Coke.

41. Bill - 09/24/2010 4:25 pm CDT

Addendum, since I'm the oldest and least hip of the Thinklings: I changed my mind: you can bring coffee, but the other guys will only drink it if you charge them five bucks.

42. Roy - 09/24/2010 5:50 pm CDT

Add just a little caramel, or a little choco syrup, and put whip cream on it, give it a label other than what it is. Amazing what Stardollars tm can do...and what McRainbow tm can do as well for less. Well, almost as well. I prefer the 5 buck coffee smoothy shake frosty. Probably matter of it having more sugar. (I miss Calvin's chocolate frosted sugar bombs eaten to inspire action against Hobbes.)

43. Bird - 09/25/2010 10:10 am CDT

(I miss Calvin's chocolate frosted sugar bombs eaten to inspire action against Hobbes.)

When I first read that I thought, John Calvin ate chocolate frosted sugar bombs?

:gsmile:

44. Roy - 09/25/2010 11:49 pm CDT

Wish he had. Just think how much more prolific he woulda been....

45. Roy - 09/26/2010 9:41 pm CDT

Oops. Forgot to carry the 2. (Some reader, I hope, will recognize the allusion to a long ago Bloom Country cartoon where Oliver W Holmes developes an equation of everything which does not allow for flightless waterfowl and Opus begins to disappear panel by panel until Oliver notes that he'd forgotten to carry a 2)

Forgot to multiply my smaller number in post 22 by the number of microseconds. So, taking the number of seconds in a year as 31557600 and an assumed age of 1.4 x 10^9 yrs, one gets 4.4x10^23 microseconds.

Thus volume of universe/volume of smallest DNA x number of microsec 3x10^107 x 4.4x10^23 =
10^131. Bit (heh) bigger than 10^108. Maybe that will make a difference in fhe fuhgedabowdit answer. Let's see: 10^131/10^1808 = 10^-1677. Nah. no difference. Still fuhgedabowdit.

46. jez - 09/30/2010 10:47 am CDT

By calculating the probability 50 consecutive sixes, I hoped to remind you that the throws must be independent in order for that multiplication to be meaningful. Since the sequence of bases in a DNA strand are NOT independent events, the analagous multiplication (which you describe in more detail in comment 39) is meaningless. So the chances of a random base generator reciting a given genome is as you describe, but no-one is suggesting that nature works/worked this way. Simply put, you are arguing against a strawman version of science.

Scientists are notoriously unwilling to discuss abiogenesis since evidence is sparse for the details of that event, but when pushed we might find a simple kind of self-replicating RNA machine a more plausable first prototype than a fully-fledged creature with a 1000-base genome. This hypothetical RNA machine prototype is much simpler, but it would be sufficient for evolution to work, having both inherited charactristics through the more or less faithfully copied RNA sequence, and variation through mutation and liberties there might be in the copying process. (Inheritance and variation are all that is required for evolution to work).

That's about it for my substantive remarks, but there are a few ideas which come accross as mistakes in comment 39, for examples:

"Evolution happened. But only once. Can’t find any currently living ‘missing links’. If the chemical forces always produced the same result, we’d have the same results now"
1) Evolution is not the event at the start of life (which is called abiogenesis), it is the continuous process which we claim is still happening now. Not only once.
2) Anything we find is clearly no longer "missing". But every current species which doesn't does not become extinct is a "link". There is no difference between a link and a species.
3) The environment is known to have changed over time. (The appearance of early life itself appears to have had a very significant influence on Earth's conditions!) So we do not expect all species that ever lived at any time on Earth, going all the way back to RNA machines, to still be viable.

"We’ll even skip here the conundrum of how a mutation in, say, the male would get passed on if there were not the simultaneous mutation in the female. We’ll table for now, too, what we know about genetics and recessive traits."

4) No conundrum I'm aware of. Every girl has a father, she can inherit new mutations from him as easily as she can from her mother. (the exception to this is the Y chromosome, which is quite small).
5) Unaware of problems with genetics and recessive traits. How, for example, is a recessive trait a problem for evolution?

"Must be a matter of chance"

6) The role of chance in evolution is limited. (see comment 27, short legs)

"And, to get by chance from that to any other different DNA which would survive are just as miniscule [as a flask-full of nucleic bases assembling into a full-length genome]."

7) This is not true. The important quantity is the "edit distance", the number of replacements, insertions and deletions required to transform the first genome to the second.

"you have a faith based commitment that evolution happened no matter what science says."

Is that your assessment of me personally?

"On the one hand, no God, hence chance. On the other, orderly universe, hence no chance."

I think you're conflating chance and intentional, directed action. That same conflation was what lead the ancients to believe that the orderly, regular movements of the planets and stars needed angels to push them around the firmament.
It is useful to consider the movements of the heavens as orderly, but not personally directed by supernatural agents. That approach seems to work quite well. This is an example of orderly action which need not be personally overseen by a willfull agent. This is how I manage to consider the orderly nature of the Universe without needing to consider God to make progress.

47. Roy - 10/01/2010 8:23 pm CDT

Jez opined:
Since the sequence of bases in a DNA strand are NOT independent events, the analagous multiplication (which you describe in more detail in comment 39) is meaningless.

Roy replies:
So you agree, then, that life did not happen by chance? Or are you insisting that life did not happen by chance, but by a determined process, hence something we should see happening in the present?

OK, enough ribbing, tho I wish you'd not waffle. To the point. Problem you've got to resolve is getting the right molecule/atom to the right place at the right time. I don't care that you can get 6417 people jumping up and down in unison and saying "that's not science". Question remains: how do you get the right pieces together. Deny God creating, and you've got only two options: either something which regularly happens or something which occurs by chance. I take it you agree we don't observe the first. Must be the second. Tell how chance isn't involved.

Scientists are notoriously unwilling to discuss abiogenesis since evidence is sparse for the details of that event,

Ya think? Well, actually, many folks (including some scientists) insist on abiogenesis despite the lack of any scientific basis for such. Insist, but not discuss. How come insist? Because of the only other option: God.

but when pushed we might find a simple kind of self-replicating RNA machine a more plausable first prototype than a fully-fledged creature with a 1000-base genome.

Problem is: even if the RNA could exist utterly by chance, you still have to get from this to DNA. Only have two options if deny Creator. Either should happen regularly, thus presently easily found, or else by chance. Either the RNA is the creator, or chance. If you pick chance, then I'm gonna talk compound probability.

(Inheritance and variation are all that is required for evolution to work).

Well, no. You've gotta get the thing that's gonna pass on its genes before it can, well, pass 'em on. If you buy into variation, then you've said "Chance arrangements". Deny it as you wish, but that's the biochemical reality. "Inheritance" and "variation" won't work as magic wands avoiding confronting chance.

"Evolution happened. But only once. Can’t find any currently living ‘missing links’. If the chemical forces always produced the same result, we’d have the same results now"
1) Evolution is not the event at the start of life (which is called abiogenesis), it is the continuous process which we claim is still happening now. Not only once.

Not talking about *merely* the start, but every single step of the bazillions of links. (All of which must happen, btw, in the correct sequence or else the organism dies and cannot evolve. Now your talking about factorials. Suppose 1000 incremental changes. Got any idea how big 1000! is? You know, 1000x999x998x....1?) Either each of those changes is determined, and will always happen as a result of immutable chemical laws, or else each can happen only once. Don't see any changes happening in real time present. Hence could happen only once. Quite a faith evolutionists have.

3) The environment is known to have changed over time. So we do not expect all species that ever lived at any time on Earth, going all the way back to RNA machines, to still be viable.

Never said that we did regarding "all". However, did draw conclusion from evolution result of immutable chemical laws. Means that every single transition, species, whatever you want to call it, that changes from this to that in a similar past environment should do exactly the same in today's environment. This would mean every link that could possibly, in terms of the environment, change from something to that link now should do so. Means also the fossil record should have links all over the place.

48. jez - 10/05/2010 4:17 am CDT

"...tho I wish you'd not waffle"

? Please note:
{my extraneous words from me} / {your extraneous words} == fuhgedabowdit.

"I don't care that you can get 6417 people jumping up and down in unison and saying "that's not science". "

I've made no appeal to authority. Please don't treat me as a representative for everything you disapprove of in a non-creationist.

"Well, actually, many folks (including some scientists) insist on abiogenesis despite the lack of any scientific basis for such."

There's no response to that unless you reveal whom you're accusing. You could be right, but it's possible you've misunderstood and the scientist wasn't insisting. The furthest I've seen a materialist go towards insisting is to gently invoke Occam's razor.

"either something which regularly happens or something which occurs by chance. I take it you agree we don't observe the first. Must be the second. Tell how chance isn't involved."

1) That's a false dichotomy. Just because something doesn't occur regularly doesn't mean it is random. Eclipses and comet collisions are rare or unique not random.

2) You're confusing the random input from mutations (which are accepted or rejected in a highly NON-random way) with the randomness of the whole DNA code. That's a bit woolly-headed: just because the word "random" applies in one place (to mutation), doesn't mean it applies in another place (to the sequence of DNA). Your calculation is only meaningful if the sequence of DNA is random (in fact, each base would have to be random and independent): it isn't.

3) You agree that since introduction of life, the environment on Earth has changed a great deal (eg. atmospheric oxygen was not present before plant-life -- that's a pretty big deal!). So your demand for RNA machines to arise from the primordial soup today in conditions which are clearly non primordial is irrational.

"If you buy into variation"
How could one sensibly not "buy into" variation? Do you believe that this directly observed phenomenon does not happen? Are children not slightly different from their parents? Since we started sequencing DNA a few decades ago, we have been able to track variation directly at the genome level. Do you have a quarrel with even this?

"Not talking about *merely* the start, but every single step of the bazillions of links. (All of which must happen, btw, in the correct sequence or else the organism dies and cannot evolve."

No. Most mutations are harmless, and could happen in any order. A mutation outside a gene, and which is not a binding site for eg. transcriptase enzymes (ie, the vast majority of the genome) has no particular effect. Even within the gene, triplets of bases (codons) correspond to amino acids, but there are only 20 amino acids. You already know that there are 64 combinations of 3 nucleic bases: you showed me the calculation in an earlier comment. Therefore, the code is redundant: there are many mutations that can happen inside a gene which has no effect whatsoever on the protein it encodes. Further to that, even many mutations which do exchange one amino acid for another might have little or no effect on function.

I'd be interested though, what made you think that the order and content of every evolutionary step needed to happen in an exactly prescribed sequence? What is the theory you are basing these pronouncements on?

I'm very familiar with factorials, thanks. Are you familiar with the common fallacy of firing a gun aimlessly at a barn wall, then drawing a target around the bullet hole? You might go further and calculate the probability of hitting that target, and pronounce yourself a crack marksman as a result. But it would be a meaningless number. Similarly, you've taken the modern genome of one (some?) (all?) species, and drawn targets around them. How do you know how many alternative ecosystems with different genomes would have been equally viable from the point of view of the first organisms? (had they gone in a different direction, affecting the environment in a different way etc.)


"Either each of those changes is determined, and will always happen as a result of immutable chemical laws, or else each can happen only once."

Look up chaos theory.

"Don't see any changes happening in real time present. Hence could happen only once. Quite a faith evolutionists have."

Look up faith. According to the catholic encyclopedia, it's an assent of the intellect to a truth which is beyond its comprehension. Evolution, along with all of science, is a belief only in the tangible, measurable, evidential world, which, as far as anything can be, is entirely within my comprehension. Therefore it cannot be a "faith"ful belief.

"Means that every single transition, species, whatever you want to call it, that changes from this to that in a similar past environment should do exactly the same in today's environment."

"environment" includes the life that exists at that moment. A gene that might have been competative a hundred thousand years ago might not be competative against modern forms versions of it. Eg. a prey animal's eyesite and a preditor animal's camoflage are sensitive to each other, in an arms race, neither could go backwards (normally an empty idea in darwinism, there is no one single "forward" direction to eovlution) without being a failure in evolutionary terms: either the camoflage is insufficient to hide from the prey, or the eyesite is insufficient to run away from the predator.

"Means also the fossil record should have links all over the place."
It does.

49. Roy - 10/07/2010 11:52 am CDT

Interaction by riposte’ does not best serve to create collision of ideas which results in refinement. So rather than intersperse comments on prior post, I’m going to attempt a different method.

Secondary issue at hand: Can we may any guess about the probability that a given DNA molecule might occur by means other than it being constructed by something external to the atoms of that molecule? (Some other secondary issues: What does that probability say about what we ought expect the geological record to show? What does that probability say we ought expect to observe presently occurring? Finally, the primary issue once secondary issues resolved: What conclusions may one draw about the belief system of those who, for all practical purposes, reject the result of the secondary issues?)

I, Roy, have taken the position that one can make a ‘back of the envelope’ sort of calculation which gives at least a first approximation. Jez disagrees with the calculation I provided.

That leads to two routes for response. First: Roy can interact with the specifics of Jez’s objections. In each case Roy could attempt showing: 1) the assumptions upon which the objection rests (some stated, some unstated, some contradictory to other assumptions); 2) what makes those assumptions invalid; 3) what makes the objections without merit. That route might advance the discussion.

But I think the second route much more direct. What does Jez think is a legitimate calculation? As Heard On TV: show me the number.

50. jez - 10/08/2010 11:18 am CDT

I don't have a legitimate calculation to offer. That doesn't make the egregious issues with your calculation any the less stark and important.

I put it to you that the gap between simple chemistry in primordial environment (which plausibly gets us as far as nucleic bases, amino acids etc., see Miller experiment and others) and the simplest plausible RNA-machine is not very large. Furthermore, consider the possibility of a few even simpler RNA machines working symbiotically. It's much easier, probabilistically, for this symbiosis to occur than to demand every piece of machinery to arise at once in an individual. I'm talking about RNA machines -- it's called the "RNA world hypothesis" -- because that's the idea I'm most familiar with. I like it because RNA stores information but is also quite active metabolically. The modern ribosome could be thought of as an organism in itself, and with that as a starting point, the modern biological world of DNA (just for storage) and proteins (for metabolism) can plausibly grow.

There are many other hypotheses of course, nobody really knows, and I can't think of anyone who claims to. I'm still wondering who it is that you perceive is insistent about any of this deeply hypothetical stuff. Most scientists have a hunch, but they present it as precisely that: a hunch.

Do you think I'm being insisting on this RNA world hypothesis?

If we allow that the first creature / RNA world soup is massively less complicated than your 4000-base creature (based still on a sophisticated modern-world genome -- even in our era there are smaller viruses out there by the way) there remains a big issue: the role of probability in getting from a genome A to genome B in a series of gradual steps.
1) You treat genome B as if that's the only destination. That's drawing the target after the shot has been fired imo. B is not fixed before the great random walk from A began.
2) It need not take a single path. Since most DNA does not encode anything, there is plenty of genomic "scrap paper" for mutation to work on harmlessly, and when something useful is hit upon, it becomes selectively favourable to ramp up expression of the new / modified gene. Because over 90% of the genome is scrap paper, there is room for massive variation in genotype with no impact on phenotype.

To the secondary issues. Don't forget that it is an examination of life (particularly on the Galapagos islands) and fossils that gave rise to the idea in the first place. Since I don't accept your probability estimate, obviously I don't think it has any effect on what we should infer from those observations. From your previous remarks about fossils, I think I might detect some confirmation bias in what fossil evidence you pursue. Talkorigins' faqs have a some documented examples of transitional fossils for you to consider:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html

51. Roy - 10/10/2010 11:28 pm CDT

Jez, that you cannot provide even a hint of a 'legitimate calculation' yet willingly commit to(read: insist on) a 'hunch' speaks volumes.

You on the one hand "don't accept" an attempted probability estimate that opposes your faith. On the other hand, with nary an attempt to provide a counter estimate of the number gradual steps needed much less the chance of any single one of them happening, you insist your faith is probable. You reject the idea of a Creator. Yet you insist others uncritically accept a (at minimum semi finite) string of assumptions about RNA machines acting as creators. You insist that evolution had to happen. Yet you demand that no one call you on the absurdity of your denying that 'having to happen' means it should continue to happen. (We should now see all of the possible steps of this becoming that.) You insist that neither you nor anybody else is insisting on evolution only sentences away from your insisting on evolution.

Your appeal to Talkorigin re fossils fails to deal with the magnitude of the problem. If evolution were true, the result of unchanging chemical and physical law, then every single link that could happen now would happen now. One would not find a few highly debatable suggestions of potential links part way between this and that. (In fact ,nothing tracks back to anything other than itself, including those supposed potential links. Ie, nothing links for sure to anything other than itself. Dogs were always dogs, cats cats, and never was a cog or dat. Darwin's Galapagos critters we now know with incredibly more detailed certainty than did he came from not one another, but from the same critter as their predecessor. Not a matter of missing links. Matter of not one link.). If evolution were true, instead of a few debatable suggestions, one would find links littering the landscape, with no or nearly no intermediate steps not lalying around, maybe even living. Evolution does not withstand a basic test of solid science, namely empiricism.

As I wrote earlier, that makes evolution not merely a (blind) faith, but a (willfully blind) faith contrary to fact. Evolution says, "Anything is possible, nay, probable. Except God."

Thus Romans 1:20-21 says "without excuse". Thus the rest of the chapter describes how those who know better not only are not thankful to their Creator, but attempt anything, no matter how destructive, to evade that Creator.

52. jez - 10/11/2010 5:36 am CDT

I wrote "There are many other hypotheses of course, nobody really knows"
and you read this as something I "willingly commit to" or "insist on", and even insist that you accept it.

I'm beginning to question if I am capable of meaningfully communicating with you. Could I make it any clearer?

"You on the one hand "don't accept" an attempted probability estimate that opposes your faith"

No, what I don't accept is a probability estimate which is based on a model with NO-ONE finds plausible. Yes, you're right: it is overwhelmingly unlikely for a modern creature to arise spontaneously and instantly from a prebiotic environment. But as a result, nobody thinks that's what happened. So tell me, why is this a problem?

"On the other hand, with nary an attempt to provide a counter estimate of the number gradual steps needed much less the chance of any single one of them happening, you insist your faith is probable."

1) I did mention "edit distance", although I didn't explain it. It is the minimum number of mutations (replacements, insertions and deletions) needed to transform genome A to genome B. This is not a purely philosophical quantity, it is the basis of a lot of solid, useful work which requires measuring the similarity between genes. (If you're interested, look up the BLAST or Smith-Waterman algorithms for further description of this concept).

2) The chance of a given mutation might be low, but the number of paths from one genome to another is high. You don't simply multiply the probability of the events you think have happened, you must also sum over all the paths that could alternatively have happened. In other words: don't paint targets around bullet-holes. Calculating the total number of paths involves big factorials and large powers to, you know.

3) I don't insist my faith (sic) is probable (point to where I did please), all I'm doing is criticising your estimate.

"You insist that evolution had to happen."

I didn't say that, I fear you are still burdened with your false dichotomy I pointed out above. Anyway, we know it doesn't have to happen, we have half a dozen nearby planets + moons which bare this out.

"Yet you demand that no one call you on the absurdity of your denying that 'having to happen' means it should continue to happen."

Again, I fear I have already found the limit of my own clarity and eloquence. I can only repeat, just once more: the environment has significantly changed since life first arose on Earth. We don't expect dinosaurs to live in modern conditions either, why should pre-biotic life?

"You insist that neither you nor anybody else is insisting on evolution only sentences away from your insisting on evolution."

Please quote instances of my insistence, because I don't think I did. In fact I don't think I mentioned insistence about evolution one way or the other: I was talking about nobody insisting on a given hypothesis for abiogenesis (except for the creationists of course).

"every single link that could happen now would happen now"
Every single creature that lives competes with other individuals and species that occupy the same niche. A salmon-like salmonid that isn't quite as good at swimming upstream as a modern salmon simply wouldn't prosper in a world that contains salmon. An eagle that isn't quite as good at spotting prey from flying altitude simply won't find food in a world that contains modern eagles. Etc.
All existing species are already at local optima. Each species is already well adapted to its niche. Small variations away from the optimum do not flourish, simply because the optimum species already exist and they can't compete.
When evolution does happen, it's when the environment changes. Those niches move around a bit: the ideal characteristics for a lone predator on the North American in the Arctic might change slightly with the climate, might favour better swimmers or better runners as ice becomes patchier or thicker, or that niche might disappear entirely leading to extinction.
Or, on a small, isolated environment with few pressures, evolution can happen more "for the sake of it." Lack of predators made the Galapagos islands ideal for this, and it's no coincidence that this is the type of environment where evidence for evolution was first discovered.

"In fact ,nothing tracks back to anything other than itself"
From the FAQ I linked, there are examples of chains from fish to amphibians, amphibians to reptiles, reptiles to mammals, and reptiles to birds.

"If evolution were true, instead of a few debatable suggestions, one would find links littering the landscape, with no or nearly no intermediate steps not lalying around, maybe even living."

from the FAQ:
"In fact, no current evolutionary model predicts or requires a complete fossil record, and no one expects that the fossil record will ever be even close to complete. As a rule of thumb, however, creationists think the gaps show fundamental biological discontinuities, while evolutionary biologists think they are the inevitable result of chance fossilizations, chance discoveries, and immigration events."
In summary, fossilisation is a rare event, and us discovering a fossil is even rarer.
You contradict the FAQ here: you are quite clear that evolution demands that fossils be in greater abundance. Can you fill in the argument for this please?

Evolution is not a faith-belief for me, because I hold it only tentatively. The idea of tentative belief is perhaps anathema to you, and that might explain why you see me insisting on things I explicitly do not insist on. I'm sure you hold tentative beliefs of your own, you couldn't function without them; why do you insist (;)) that my beliefs must all be faithful?

If something is true I do most certainly want to know it, I am anything but wilfully blind. I cannot take Paul seriously in Romans, he is simply wrong if he is trying to describe me.

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